Kotlin 备忘清单是 Kotlin 编程语言的单页参考表

Kotlin 简介

main() 函数

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fun main() {
// Code goes here
}

main() 函数是每个 Kotlin 程序的起点,在执行之前必须包含在代码中

打印声明

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println("Greetings, earthling!")
print("Take me to ")
print("your leader.")

/*
打印:
Greetings, earthling!
Take me to your leader.
*/

注释

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// 这是单行注释

/*
这个
注释
用于


*/

执行顺序

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fun main() {
println("I will be printed first.")
println("I will be printed second.")
println("I will be printed third.")
}

数据类型和变量

可变变量

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var age = 25
age = 26

不可变变量

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val goldenRatio = 1.618

类型推断

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// 以下变量在双引号内分配了一个文本值
// 因此推断的类型是 String

var color = "Purple"

字符串连接

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var streetAddress = "123 Main St."
var cityState = "Brooklyn, NY"

println(streetAddress + " " + cityState)
// 打印: 123 Main St. Brooklyn, NY

字符串模板

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var address = "123 Main St."
println("The address is $address")
// 打印: The address is 123 Main St.

内置属性和函数

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var monument = "the Statue of Liberty"

println(monument.capitalize())
// 打印: The Statue of Liberty
println(monument.length)
// 打印: 21

字符转义序列

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print("\"Excellent!\" I cried. \"Elementary,\" said he.") 

// 打印: "Excellent!" I cried. "Elementary," said he.
  • \n 插入新行
  • \t 插入标签
  • \r 插入回车
  • \' 插入单引号
  • \" 插入双引号
  • \\ 插入反斜杠
  • \$ 插入美元符号

算术运算符

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5 + 7  // 12
9 - 2 // 7
8 * 4 // 32
25 / 5 // 5
31 % 2 // 1

+ 加法、- 减法、* 乘法、/ 除法和 % 模数

操作顺序

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5 + 8 * 2 / 4 - 3 // 6 
3 + (4 + 4) / 2 // 7
4 * 2 + 1 * 7 // 15
3 + 18 / 2 * 1 // 12
6 - 3 % 2 + 2 // 7

增强赋值运算符

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var batteryPercentage = 80

// 长语法
batteryPercentage = batteryPercantage + 10

// 带有增广赋值运算符的短句法
batteryPercentage += 10

递增和递减运算符

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var year = 2019 
year++ // 2020
year-- // 2019

数学库

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Math.pow(2.0, 3.0)  // 8.0
Math.min(6, 9) // 6
Math.max(10, 12) // 12
Math.round(13.7) // 14

条件表达式

if 表达式

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var morning = true

if (morning) {
println("Rise and shine!")
}
// 打印: Rise and shine!

else 表达式

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var rained = false

if (rained) {
println("今天不需要给植物浇水。")
} else {
println("植物需要浇水!")
}
// 打印: 植物需要浇水!

Else-If 表达式

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var age = 65

if (age < 18 ) {
println("您被视为未成年人")
} else if (age < 60) {
println("您被视为成年人")
} else {
println("你被认为是高级")
}

// 打印: 你被认为是高级

比较运算符

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var myAge = 19
var sisterAge = 11
var cousinAge = 11

myAge > sisterAge // true
myAge < cousinAge // false
myAge >= cousinAge // true
myAge <= sisterAge // false

逻辑运算符

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var humid = true
var raining = true
var jacket = false

println(!humid)
// 打印: false
println(jacket && raining)
// 打印: true
println(humid || raining)
// 打印: true

AND 运算符: &&

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var humid = true
var raining = true
var shorts = false
var sunny = false

// true AND true
println(humid && raining) // true
// true AND false
println(humid && shorts) // false
// false AND true
println(sunny && raining) // false
// false AND false
println(shorts && sunny) // false

或运算符:||

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var late = true
var skipBreakfast = true
var underslept = false
var checkEmails = false

// true OR true
println(skipBreakfast || late) // true
// true OR false
println(late || checkEmails) // true
// false OR true
println(underslept || late) // true
// false OR false
println(checkEmails || underslept) // false

NOT 运算符

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var hungry = true
var full = false

println(!hungry) // false
println(!full) // true

评估顺序

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!true && (false || true) // false
/*
(false || true) 被评估首先返回 true。
然后,评估 !true && true 并返回最终结果 false
*/

!false && true || false // true
/*
!false 被评估首先返回 true。
然后评估 true && true,返回 true。
那么,真|| 评估 false 最终返回 true
*/

等式运算符

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var myAge = 22
var sisterAge = 21

myAge == sisterAge // false
myAge !== sisterAge // true

嵌套条件

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var studied = true
var wellRested = true

if (wellRested) {
println("祝你今天好运!")
if (studied) {
println("你应该为考试做好准备!")
} else {
println("考试前花几个小时学习!")
}
}

// 打印: 祝你今天好运!
// 打印: 你应该为考试做好准备!

当表达式

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var grade = "A"

when(grade) {
"A" -> println("很棒的工作!")
"B" -> println("做得太好了!")
"C" -> println("你通过了!")
else -> println("关!下次一定要多准备!")
}
// 打印: 很棒的工作!

范围运算符

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var height = 46 // inches

if (height in 1..53) {
println("抱歉,您必须至少 54 英寸才能乘坐过山车")
}
// Prints: 抱歉,您必须至少 54 英寸才能乘坐过山车

Collections

不可变列表

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var programmingLanguages = listOf("C#", "Java", "Kotlin", "Ruby") 

可变列表

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var fruits = mutableListOf("Orange", "Apple", "Banana", "Mango") 

访问列表元素

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var cars = listOf("BMW", "Ferrari", "Volvo", "Tesla")

println(cars[2]) // Prints: Volvo

大小属性

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var worldContinents = listOf("Asia", "Africa", "North America", "South America", "Antarctica", "Europe", "Australia")

println(worldContinents.size) // Prints: 7

列表操作

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var seas = listOf("Black Sea", "Caribbean Sea", "North Sea") 
println(seas.contains("North Sea")) // Prints: true

// contains() 函数对任何列表执行读取操作并确定元素是否存在
seas.add("Baltic Sea") // 错误:无法对不可变列表执行写操作
// add() 函数只能在可变列表上调用,因此上面的代码会引发错误

不可变集

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var primaryColors = setOf("Red", "Blue", "Yellow")

可变集

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var womenInTech = mutableSetOf("Ada Lovelace",  "Grace Hopper",  "Radia Perlman",  "Sister Mary Kenneth Keller")

访问集合元素

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var companies = setOf("Facebook", "Apple", "Netflix", "Google")

println(companies.elementAt(3))
// Prints: Google
println(companies.elementAt(4))
// Returns and Error
println(companies.elementAtOrNull(4))
// Prints: null

不可变映射

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var averageTemp = mapOf("winter" to 35,  "spring" to 60,  "summer" to 85, "fall" to 55)

可变映射

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var europeanDomains = mutableMapOf("Germany" to "de", "Slovakia" to "sk", "Hungary" to "hu", "Norway" to "no")

检索映射键和值

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var oscarWinners = mutableMapOf("Parasite" to "Bong Joon-ho", "Green Book" to "Jim Burke", "The Shape Of Water" to "Guillermo del Toro")

println(oscarWinners.keys)
// Prints: [Parasite, Green Book, The Shape Of Water]

println(oscarWinners.values)
// Prints: [Bong Joon-ho, Jim Burke, Guillermo del Toro]

println(oscarWinners["Parasite"])
// Prints: Bong Joon-ho

添加和删除地图条目

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var worldCapitals = mutableMapOf("United States" to "Washington D.C.", "Germany" to "Berlin", "Mexico" to "Mexico City", "France" to "Paris")

worldCapitals.put("Brazil", "Brasilia")
println(worldCapitals)
// Prints: {United States=Washington D.C., Germany=Berlin, Mexico=Mexico City, France=Paris, Brazil=Brasilia}

worldCapitals.remove("Germany")
println(worldCapitals)
// Prints: {United States=Washington D.C., Mexico=Mexico City, France=Paris, Brazil=Brasilia}

函数

函数

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fun greet() {
println("Hey there!")
}

fun main() {
// Function call
greet() // Prints: Hey there!
}

函数参数

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fun birthday(name: String, age: Int) {
println("Happy birthday $name! You turn $age today!")
}

fun main() {
birthday("Oscar", 26)
// Prints: Happy birthday Oscar! You turn 25 today!
birthday("Amarah", 30)
// Prints: Happy birthday Amarah! You turn 30 today!
}

默认参数

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fun favoriteLanguage(name: String, language: String = "Kotlin") {
println("Hello, $name. Your favorite programming language is $language")
}

fun main() {
favoriteLanguage("Manon")
// Prints: Hello, Manon. Your favorite programming language is Kotlin

favoriteLanguage("Lee", "Java")
// Prints: Hello, Lee. Your favorite programming language is Java
}

命名参数

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fun findMyAge(currentYear: Int, birthYear: Int) {
var myAge = currentYear - birthYear
println("I am $myAge years old.")
}

fun main() {
findMyAge(currentYear = 2020, birthYear = 1995)
// Prints: I am 25 years old.
findMyAge(birthYear = 1920, currentYear = 2020)
// Prints: I am 100 years old.
}

返回声明

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// Return type is declared outside the parentheses
fun getArea(length: Int, width: Int): Int {
var area = length * width

// return statement
return area
}

fun main() {
var myArea = getArea(10, 8)
println("The area is $myArea.")
// Prints: The area is 80.
}

单表达式函数

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fun fullName(firstName: String, lastName: String) = "$firstName $lastName"

fun main() {
println(fullName("Ariana", "Ortega"))
// Prints: Ariana Ortega
println(fullName("Kai", "Gittens"))
// Prints: Kai Gittens
}

函数字面量

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fun main() {
// Anonymous Function:
var getProduct = fun(num1: Int, num2: Int): Int {
return num1 * num2
}
println(getProduct(8, 3))
// Prints: 24

// Lambda Expression
var getDifference = { num1: Int, num2: Int -> num1 - num2 }
println(getDifference(10, 3))
// Prints: 7
}

简单的高阶函数

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// 注意啦,这里的 num1AndNum2 有个 operation,它是接收了一个函数作为形参
fun num1AndNum2(num1: Int, num2: Int, operation: (Int, Int) -> Int): Int {
// 让我们试着向 operation 传入参数
return operation(num1, num2)
}

fun plus(num1: Int, num2: Int): Int {
return num1 + num2
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val total = num1AndNum2(100, 200, ::plus)
println(total)//300
// 怎么样?我们利用传入一个函数来充当另一个函数的参数
}

还记得我们怎么在 Java 中用接口吗?试着用函数参数简化它

以匿名函数作为参数的函数

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//operation是一个函数类型的参数哦
fun num1AndNum2(num1: Int, num2: Int, operation: (Int, Int) -> Int): Int {
return operation(num1, num2)
}


fun main(args: Array<String>) {
//这里我们定义一个匿名函数
val operation: (Int, Int) -> Int = { i: Int, i2: Int ->
i + i2
}
val total = num1AndNum2(100, 200, operation)
println(total) //300
}

Lambda表达式方式传入函数参数

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//我们还是不改变什么
fun num1AndNum2(num1: Int, num2: Int, operation: (Int, Int) -> Int): Int {
return operation(num1, num2)
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
//wow哦天哪,Lambda可以做到这样简洁
val total = num1AndNum2(100, 200) { n1, n2 ->
n1 + n2
}
println(total)
}

这里之所以可以把lambda写在外部,是因为operation是最后一个参数。

扩展函数

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// Kotlin File
fun String.lettersCount(): Int {
var count = 0
// this 相当于我们下面写的字符串具体的内容
// for 可以用 forEach 代替
for (char in this) {
// 判断是不是字母(包括中文)
if (char.isLetter()) {
count++
}
}
return count
}

fun main() {
//不修改 String 类的情况下新增方法
println("123demo".lettersCount())
// Print: 4
}

运算符重载

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class Money(var amount: Double)

// 配合扩展函数,重载运算符 + 即 plus
operator fun Money.plus(money: Money): Money {
// 把金额相加返回一个新的 Money对象
return Money(this.amount + money.amount)
}

fun main() {
val appleMoney = Money(10.0)
val eggMoney = Money(6.0)
// 你没有看错,我们将两个类对象相加了
val allMoney = appleMoney + eggMoney
println(allMoney.amount)
// Print: 16.0
}

这里的 运算符重载 依赖于 扩展函数

中缀表达式

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// infix 定义一个中缀表达式,类似扩展函数那样
infix fun LocalDate.formatBy(pattern:String):String{
val formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(pattern)
return this.format(formatter)

}

fun main() {
val currentDate = LocalDate.now()
println(currentDate formatBy "yyyy-MM-dd")
// Print: 2024-02-08

(1 until 100).forEach {
println(it)
// Print 1 至 99
}
}

类实例

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// Class
class Student {
var name = "Lucia"
var semester = "Fall"
var gpa = 3.95
}

fun main() {
var student = Student()
// Instance
println(student.name)
// Prints: Lucia
println(student.semester)
// Prints: Fall
println(student.gpa)
// Prints: 3.95
}

主构造函数

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class Student(
val name: String,
val gpa: Double,
val semester: String,
val estimatedGraduationYear: Int
)

fun main() {
val student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
println(student.name)
// Prints: Lucia
println(student.gpa)
// Prints: 3.95
println(student.semester)
// Prints: Fall
println(student.estimatedGraduationYear)
// Prints: 2022
}

次构造函数

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class Student(
val name: String,
val gpa: Double,
val semester: String,
val estimatedGraduationYear: Int
) {
constructor(name: String, gpa: Double) : this(name, gpa, "Fall", 2024)
}

fun main() {
val student = Student("Lucia", 3.95)
println(student.name)
// Prints: Lucia
println(student.semester)
// Prints: Fall
println(student.estimatedGraduationYear)
// Prints: 2024
}

类示例

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// 具有包含默认值的属性的类
class Student {
var name = "Lucia"
var semester = "Fall"
var gpa = 3.95
}

// 没有类体的简写语法
class Student

成员函数

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class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int) {

init {
println("$name has ${estimatedGraduationYear - 2020} years left in college.")
}

// 成员函数
fun calculateLetterGrade(): String {
return when {
gpa >= 3.0 -> "A"
gpa >= 2.7 -> "B"
gpa >= 1.7 -> "C"
gpa >= 1.0 -> "D"
else -> "E"
}
}
}

// 创建实例并调用函数时,将执行 when 表达式并返回字母等级
fun main() {
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
// Prints: Lucia has 2 years left in college.
println("${student.name}'s letter grade is ${student.calculateLetterGrade()}.")
// Prints: Lucia's letter grade is A.
}

初始化块

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class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int) {
init {
println("$name has ${estimatedGraduationYear - 2020} years left in college.")
}
}

fun main() {
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
// Prints: Lucia has 2 years left in college.
}

Data数据类

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// 默认实现 getter/setter 和 toString 这些方法
data class UserInfo(
val name: String,
val age: Int
)

fun main() {

val userInfo = UserInfo("张三", 20)
println(userInfo.name)
// 张三
println(userInfo.toString())
// UserInfo(name=张三, age=20)
}

伴生对象

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// 私有化构造方法
class User private constructor(val name: String) {
// 伴生对象,相当于一个静态类
companion object {
fun createUser(name: String): User {
return User(name)
}
}
}

fun main() {
// 就像是调用静态方法
val user = User.createUser("张三")
println(user.name)
//Print: 张三
}

内部类

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class Outer {
val outStr: String = "Outer"
// inner 可以让内部类访问外部类
inner class Inner {
fun printOutStr(){
println(outStr)
}
}
}

fun main() {
val outer = Outer()
outer.Inner().printOutStr()
// Print: Outer
}

如果不用inner修饰,会导致Inner类无法使用outStr

object单例类

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object HttpUtils {

const val baseUrl = "https://xxxx.com"

fun getRequest(url: String): String {
// 示例代码....
return "Result"
}
}

fun main() {
println(HttpUtils.baseUrl)
// Print: "https://xxxx.com"
HttpUtils.getRequest("xxxxx")
}

object类中定义的函数和属性都可以用类名直接引用

另见


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